Vocabulary around the house is an situation when we use english for everday in our hole life and we spelled the grammar well. Begin in our daily life at home e.g. with our parents,friends,bro,sister,grandpa,grandma,or maybe with your teachers? then, your neighboor,your lab partner,etc. I don't know how to explain it well, but i would share to you about something I know or just give you an idea foR the bassicly english. make your head stay cool.
Things you may find around the house
* Light bulb(s)
* Plug(s)
* Socket(s)
* Torch(es)
* Ceiling light(s)
* Lamp(s)
* Curtain(s)
* Shelf (shelves)
* Telephone(s)
* Box(es)
* Plug(s)
* Battery (batteries)
* Photo(graph)(s)
Rooms
* Living Room
* Settee(s)
* Armchair(s)
* Coffee table(s)
* Display cabinet(s)
* Hifi stand(s)
* TV cabinet(s)
* Television(s) / tv(s)
* Hifi(s)
* Speaker(s)
* Cushion(s)
* Rug(s)
Things we do in the Living Room
* People watch TV in the living room.
* People sit and read a book in the living room.
* People listen to music in the living room.
Bedroom
* Bed(s)
* Bedside cabinet(s)
* Bedside table(s)
* Dressing table(s)
* Wardrobe(s)
* Chest of drawer(s)
* Brush(es)
* Comb(s)
* Hair dryer(s)
* Pillow(s)
* Sheet(s)
* Clothes
Things we do in the Bed Room
* People listen to music in the bedroom.
* People sleep in the bedroom.
* People get dressed or undressed in the bedroom.
Kitchen
* Table(s)
* Chair(s)
* Bin(s)
* Cooker(s) / oven(s)
* Microwave (oven)(s)
* fridge(s)
* dishwasher(s)
* Tap(s)
* Coffee maker(s)
* Food mixer(s)
* Coffee maker(s)
* Food mixer(s)
* Liquidizer(s)
* Saucepan(s)
* Frying pan(s)
* sieve(s)
* Kettle(s)
* teapot(s)
Things we do in the Kitchen
* People prepare food in the kitchen.
* People cook in the kitchen.
* People sometimes eat in the kitchen.
* People make coffee or tea in the kitchen.
* People put the food away in the kitchen cupboards.
Bathroom
* Chair(s)
* Basin(s)
* Bath(s)
* Toilet(s)
* Toilet roll(s)
* Toilet brush(es)
* hairdryer (hairdryers)
* toothbrush(es)
* Shaving foam razor(s)
* Toilet seat(s)
Things we do in the Bed Room
* People get dressed or undressed in the bathroom.
* People have a shave in the bathroom.
* People brush their teeth in the bathroom.
* People take a shower in the bathroom.
* People have a bath in the bathroom.
Other Rooms:
Attic : People store things in the attic.
Ballroom : A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held.
Box Room : A small room used for storage.
Cellar : Underneath the house.
Cloakroom : A small room where people put their coats.
Conservatory : A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants.
Dining Room : A room where people eat.
Drawing Room : A room in stately homes where rich people entertain.
Games Room : A room in large houses where games are played.
Hall : The entrance passage to a house.
Larder : A small room used for the storage of food.
Library : A room where books are kept.
Lounge : Another name for living room.
Music Room : A room where people play music.
Office : A room where people work.
Pantry : A small room used to store kitchen and dining items.
Parlor : Old fashioned word for living room.
Sitting Room : Another name for living room.
Guest Room : A room where guests sleep.
Toilet : A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC)
Utility Room : A room where appliances such as washing machines are used.
Sabtu, 25 Februari 2012
Narrative Text
Narrative text is text a text to amuse, entertain and deal with actual or vicarious experience in different ways.
Narrative Generic Structure
ORIENTATION: The first paragraph presents information about the participant of the story. In literary term, the participant is called as character. Orientation commonly introduces information about WHO, WHERE and WHEN.
COMPLICATION: Paragraph two explores the niche of the story. That is conflict among the characters of the story. This conflict will involve physical and psychological conflict. The conflict is actually the heart of any narrative text. It will drive the participant to make effort in solving the crisis.
RESOLUTION: The last paragraph closes the story with solving the crisis. However it can be better or worse.
example :
The Princess and the Pea
Once upon a time there was a prince who wanted to marry a princess; but she would have to be a real princess. He travelled all over the world to find one, but nowhere could he get what he wanted. There were princesses enough, but it was difficult to find out whether they were real ones. There was always something about them that was not as it should be. So he came home again and was sad, for he would have liked very much to have a real princess.
One evening a terrible storm came on; there was thunder and lightning, and the rain poured down in torrents. Suddenly a knocking was heard at the city gate, and the old king went to open it.
It was a princess standing out there in front of the gate. But, good gracious! what a sight the rain and the wind had made her look. The water ran down from her hair and clothes; it ran down into the toes of her shoes and out again at the heels. And yet she said that she was a real princess.
Well, we'll soon find that out, thought the old queen. But she said nothing, went into the bed-room, took all the bedding off the bedstead, and laid a pea on the bottom; then she took twenty mattresses and laid them on the pea, and then twenty eider-down beds on top of the mattresses.
On this the princess had to lie all night. In the morning she was asked how she had slept.
"Oh, very badly!" said she. "I have scarcely closed my eyes all night. Heaven only knows what was in the bed, but I was lying on something hard, so that I am black and blue all over my body. It's horrible!"
Now they knew that she was a real princess because she had felt the pea right through the twenty mattresses and the twenty eider-down beds.
Nobody but a real princess could be as sensitive as that.
So the prince took her for his wife, for now he knew that he had a real princess; and the pea was put in the museum, where it may still be seen, if no one has stolen it.
Narrative Generic Structure
ORIENTATION: The first paragraph presents information about the participant of the story. In literary term, the participant is called as character. Orientation commonly introduces information about WHO, WHERE and WHEN.
COMPLICATION: Paragraph two explores the niche of the story. That is conflict among the characters of the story. This conflict will involve physical and psychological conflict. The conflict is actually the heart of any narrative text. It will drive the participant to make effort in solving the crisis.
RESOLUTION: The last paragraph closes the story with solving the crisis. However it can be better or worse.
example :
The Princess and the Pea
Once upon a time there was a prince who wanted to marry a princess; but she would have to be a real princess. He travelled all over the world to find one, but nowhere could he get what he wanted. There were princesses enough, but it was difficult to find out whether they were real ones. There was always something about them that was not as it should be. So he came home again and was sad, for he would have liked very much to have a real princess.
One evening a terrible storm came on; there was thunder and lightning, and the rain poured down in torrents. Suddenly a knocking was heard at the city gate, and the old king went to open it.
It was a princess standing out there in front of the gate. But, good gracious! what a sight the rain and the wind had made her look. The water ran down from her hair and clothes; it ran down into the toes of her shoes and out again at the heels. And yet she said that she was a real princess.
Well, we'll soon find that out, thought the old queen. But she said nothing, went into the bed-room, took all the bedding off the bedstead, and laid a pea on the bottom; then she took twenty mattresses and laid them on the pea, and then twenty eider-down beds on top of the mattresses.
On this the princess had to lie all night. In the morning she was asked how she had slept.
"Oh, very badly!" said she. "I have scarcely closed my eyes all night. Heaven only knows what was in the bed, but I was lying on something hard, so that I am black and blue all over my body. It's horrible!"
Now they knew that she was a real princess because she had felt the pea right through the twenty mattresses and the twenty eider-down beds.
Nobody but a real princess could be as sensitive as that.
So the prince took her for his wife, for now he knew that he had a real princess; and the pea was put in the museum, where it may still be seen, if no one has stolen it.
Simple Future
Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.
FORM Will
[will + verb]
Examples:
* You will help him later.
* Will you help him later?
* You will not help him later.
FORM Be Going To
[am/is/are + going to + verb]
Examples:
* You are going to meet Jane tonight.
* Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
* You are not going to meet Jane tonight.
USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.
Examples:
* I will send you the information when I get it.
* I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
* Will you help me move this heavy table?
* Will you make dinner?
* I will not do your homework for you.
* I won't do all the housework myself!
* A: I'm really hungry.
B: I'll make some sandwiches.
* A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
B: I'll get you some coffee.
* A: The phone is ringing.
B: I'll get it.
USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise
"Will" is usually used in promises.
Examples:
* I will call you when I arrive.
* If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance.
* I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
* Don't worry, I'll be careful.
* I won't tell anyone your secret.
USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan
"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.
Examples:
* He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.
* She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
* A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?
B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
* I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
* Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.
* They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
* Who are you going to invite to the party?
* A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake?
B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.
USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction
Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference in meaning.
Examples:
* The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.
* The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.
* John Smith will be the next President.
* John Smith is going to be the next President.
* The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.
* The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.
IMPORTANT
In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning.
No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used.
Examples:
* When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct
* When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
* You will never help him.
* Will you ever help him?
* You are never going to meet Jane.
* Are you ever going to meet Jane?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
* John will finish the work by 5:00 PM. Active
* The work will be finished by 5:00 PM. Passive
* Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. Active
* A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. Passive
FORM Will
[will + verb]
Examples:
* You will help him later.
* Will you help him later?
* You will not help him later.
FORM Be Going To
[am/is/are + going to + verb]
Examples:
* You are going to meet Jane tonight.
* Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
* You are not going to meet Jane tonight.
USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.
Examples:
* I will send you the information when I get it.
* I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
* Will you help me move this heavy table?
* Will you make dinner?
* I will not do your homework for you.
* I won't do all the housework myself!
* A: I'm really hungry.
B: I'll make some sandwiches.
* A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
B: I'll get you some coffee.
* A: The phone is ringing.
B: I'll get it.
USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise
"Will" is usually used in promises.
Examples:
* I will call you when I arrive.
* If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance.
* I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
* Don't worry, I'll be careful.
* I won't tell anyone your secret.
USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan
"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.
Examples:
* He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.
* She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
* A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?
B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
* I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
* Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.
* They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
* Who are you going to invite to the party?
* A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake?
B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.
USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction
Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference in meaning.
Examples:
* The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.
* The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.
* John Smith will be the next President.
* John Smith is going to be the next President.
* The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.
* The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.
IMPORTANT
In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning.
No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used.
Examples:
* When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct
* When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
* You will never help him.
* Will you ever help him?
* You are never going to meet Jane.
* Are you ever going to meet Jane?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
* John will finish the work by 5:00 PM. Active
* The work will be finished by 5:00 PM. Passive
* Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. Active
* A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. Passive
Modal in the past form
Modals in the past are :
- Could.
- Might.
- Would.
- Should.
The formula of Modals in the past form :
1. COULD + VERB BASE.
Ø To offer Suggestion or Possibilities.
Example :
Cika : “I’m having trouble with math.”
Riko : “Why you don’t ask Kiki? Perhaps she could help you.”
Ø To indicate that ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.
Example :
Santi : “Nik, can you climb the mango tree?”
Niko : “Well, I could climb the mango tree when I was so young, but I think I’m too heavy to climb it.”
2. WOULD + VERB BASE.
Ø For an action that was repeated regulary in the past.
Example :
Ani : “What did you do on holidays?”
Risma : “I would visit my grandparents and my other family in the village, but how not anymore.”
Ø Insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences.
Example :
Jerry : “What would you rather do in weekend, go to the party or stay at home?”
Lita : “I would rather stay at home than go to the party.”
Ø To express polite request.
Example :
Mr. Willy : “Would you mind posting the letter?
Reva : “No, not at all.”
3. SHOULD + VERB BASE.
Ø To give definite advice.
Example :
Mother : “Neva, you should study tonight. You will have math test tomorrow, won’t you?”
Neva : “I will, Mom.
4. MIGHT + VERB BASE.
Ø To tell possibilities
Example :
Dina : “Why is Riko taking the bus to get home?”
Rita : “He might get a flat time.”
Ø To express polite request.
Example :
Dimas : “Might I borrow your book?” Vera : “Yes, of course.”
- Could.
- Might.
- Would.
- Should.
The formula of Modals in the past form :
1. COULD + VERB BASE.
Ø To offer Suggestion or Possibilities.
Example :
Cika : “I’m having trouble with math.”
Riko : “Why you don’t ask Kiki? Perhaps she could help you.”
Ø To indicate that ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.
Example :
Santi : “Nik, can you climb the mango tree?”
Niko : “Well, I could climb the mango tree when I was so young, but I think I’m too heavy to climb it.”
2. WOULD + VERB BASE.
Ø For an action that was repeated regulary in the past.
Example :
Ani : “What did you do on holidays?”
Risma : “I would visit my grandparents and my other family in the village, but how not anymore.”
Ø Insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences.
Example :
Jerry : “What would you rather do in weekend, go to the party or stay at home?”
Lita : “I would rather stay at home than go to the party.”
Ø To express polite request.
Example :
Mr. Willy : “Would you mind posting the letter?
Reva : “No, not at all.”
3. SHOULD + VERB BASE.
Ø To give definite advice.
Example :
Mother : “Neva, you should study tonight. You will have math test tomorrow, won’t you?”
Neva : “I will, Mom.
4. MIGHT + VERB BASE.
Ø To tell possibilities
Example :
Dina : “Why is Riko taking the bus to get home?”
Rita : “He might get a flat time.”
Ø To express polite request.
Example :
Dimas : “Might I borrow your book?” Vera : “Yes, of course.”
Offering
Offering may refer to:
* Offering, a collection of donations during religious worship, see alms, tithe or charity
* Offering, a religious sacrifice of plant, animal or human life
* Offering (Buddhism), a part of devotional practice
* Securities offering, a discrete round of investment, usually regulated in the United States by the Securities Act of 1933
The expression of “ Would you like....”is normally used for offering something to someone.
E Example :
Karina : Would you like a cup of tea, Mrs. Rita ?
Mrs. Rita : Yes, please. Thank you. Hmmm...this tea tastes good....and smells fragrant too.......
Karina : Thank you. I’m glad you like it.
* Ways to say it
* * Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Green?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. Tarno?
* Would you care some salad?
* Offering to friends:
* * Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself
* Less formal expressions:
* * Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don't you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?
* Declining an offering
* * No, thanks.
* No, really won't, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.
* Accepting an offering:
* * Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I'd like it very much
* That would be very nice
* Offering, a collection of donations during religious worship, see alms, tithe or charity
* Offering, a religious sacrifice of plant, animal or human life
* Offering (Buddhism), a part of devotional practice
* Securities offering, a discrete round of investment, usually regulated in the United States by the Securities Act of 1933
The expression of “ Would you like....”is normally used for offering something to someone.
E Example :
Karina : Would you like a cup of tea, Mrs. Rita ?
Mrs. Rita : Yes, please. Thank you. Hmmm...this tea tastes good....and smells fragrant too.......
Karina : Thank you. I’m glad you like it.
* Ways to say it
* * Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Green?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. Tarno?
* Would you care some salad?
* Offering to friends:
* * Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself
* Less formal expressions:
* * Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don't you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?
* Declining an offering
* * No, thanks.
* No, really won't, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.
* Accepting an offering:
* * Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I'd like it very much
* That would be very nice
Gratitude, Compliment, and Congratulation
Gratitude
Gratitude is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people, when speaking English, you say “thanks” very often please say “thank you” when people give you something and give you compliment, etc.
Kinds of gratitude expressions are :
- Thank you very much
- Thank you for you help
- I’m really very grateful to you
- You’re welcome
- Don’t mention it
- I want to express my gratitude to (my teacher, my father, etc)
Respond of expressing :
-You are welcome
-Don't mention it
-It was nothing at all
-No problem
- I am glad I could help
• Compliment
Compliment is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliment to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will, for example :
- On his/her general appearance
- If you notice something new about the person’s appearance
- When you visit someone’s house for the first time
- When other people do their best
Kinds of compliment expressions are :
- What a nice dress!
- You look great
- I really must express my admiration for you dance
- Excellent!
- Nice work
- Good Job
• Congratulation
Congratulation is an expression that we use the give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something
Kinds of Congratulations are :
- Congratulation
- Congratulations
- Congratulations on your succeeds
- Happy Birthday
- Merry Christmas
- Happy New Your
- Happy Valentine
- Happy Anniversary
A. Giving The Congratulation
- Let me congratulate you
- Good
- That’s great!
- How fortunate
- Pretty Good
B. Replying To The Congratulations
- Thank You
- Thank, I needed that
- That’s very kind of you
C. Surprising
- Oh, it was very interesting! I want to the sea world
- It was fun! Went out with my classmate
WRITE THIS DIALOG :
Elsha : Happy Birthday, Vina Wish you all the best
Vina : Thank you very much, Sha. Would you like to come to my home to celebrate my birthday party tonight?
Elsha : Thank you, but I’m very busy tonight.
Vina : Oh okay no problem.
Gratitude is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people, when speaking English, you say “thanks” very often please say “thank you” when people give you something and give you compliment, etc.
Kinds of gratitude expressions are :
- Thank you very much
- Thank you for you help
- I’m really very grateful to you
- You’re welcome
- Don’t mention it
- I want to express my gratitude to (my teacher, my father, etc)
Respond of expressing :
-You are welcome
-Don't mention it
-It was nothing at all
-No problem
- I am glad I could help
• Compliment
Compliment is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliment to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will, for example :
- On his/her general appearance
- If you notice something new about the person’s appearance
- When you visit someone’s house for the first time
- When other people do their best
Kinds of compliment expressions are :
- What a nice dress!
- You look great
- I really must express my admiration for you dance
- Excellent!
- Nice work
- Good Job
• Congratulation
Congratulation is an expression that we use the give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something
Kinds of Congratulations are :
- Congratulation
- Congratulations
- Congratulations on your succeeds
- Happy Birthday
- Merry Christmas
- Happy New Your
- Happy Valentine
- Happy Anniversary
A. Giving The Congratulation
- Let me congratulate you
- Good
- That’s great!
- How fortunate
- Pretty Good
B. Replying To The Congratulations
- Thank You
- Thank, I needed that
- That’s very kind of you
C. Surprising
- Oh, it was very interesting! I want to the sea world
- It was fun! Went out with my classmate
WRITE THIS DIALOG :
Elsha : Happy Birthday, Vina Wish you all the best
Vina : Thank you very much, Sha. Would you like to come to my home to celebrate my birthday party tonight?
Elsha : Thank you, but I’m very busy tonight.
Vina : Oh okay no problem.
Direct Indirect Speech
Direct speech
Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between inverted commas ("....") and there is no change in these words. We may be reporting something that's being said NOW (for example a telephone conversation), or telling someone later about a previous conversation
Examples:
She says "What time will you be home?"
She said "What time will you be home?"
and I said "I don't know! "
"There's a fly in my soup!" screamed Simone.
John said, "There's an elephant outside the window."
Indirect Speech (Reported Speech)
Indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Inverted commas are not used.
She said, "I saw him." She said that she had seen him.
a. 'That' may be omitted:
She told him that she was happy.
She told him she was happy.
b. 'Say' and 'tell':
Use 'say' when there is no indirect object:
He said that he was tired.
Always use 'tell' when you say who was being spoken to (i.e. with an indirect object):
He told me that he was tired.
'Talk' and 'speak' are used:
- to describe the action of communicating:
He talked to us.
She was speaking on the telephone.
- with 'about' to refer to what was said:
He talked (to us) about his parents.
REPORTED SPEECH
HOPES, INTENTIONS, PROMISES
When we report an intention, hope or promise, we use an appropriate reporting verb followed by a that-clause or a to-infinitive:
"I'll pay you the money tomorrow."
He promised to pay me the money the next day.
He promised that he would pay me the money the next day.
Other verbs used in this pattern include:
hope, propose, threaten, guarantee, swear.
Examples:
a. "I'll be back by lunchtime."
He promised to be back by lunchtime.
He promised that he would be back by lunchtime.
b. "We should arrive in London before nightfall."
They hoped to arrive in London before nightfall.
They hoped they would arrive in London before nightfall.
c. "Give me the keys to the safe or I'll shoot you!"
He threatened to shoot me if I didn't give him the keys to the safe.
He threatened that he would shoot me if I didn't give him the keys to the safe.
REPORTED SPEECH
ORDERS, REQUESTS, SUGGESTIONS
1. When we want to report an order or request, we can use a verb like 'tell' with a to-clause.
Examples:
He told me to go away.
The pattern is verb + indirect object + to-clause.
(The indirect object is the person spoken to.)
Other verbs used to report orders and requests in this way are: command, order, warn, ask, advise, invite, beg, teach, forbid.
Examples:
a. The doctor said to me, "Stop smoking!".
The doctor told me to stop smoking.
b. "Get out of the car!" said the policeman.
The policeman ordered him to get out of the car.
c. "Could you please be quiet," she said.
She asked me to be quiet.
d. The man with the gun said to us, "Don't move!"
The man with the gun warned us not to move.
(See also section on Verbs followed by infinitive and Verbs followed by gerund)
2. Requests for objects are reported using the pattern
ask + for + object: Examples:
a. "Can I have an apple?", she asked. She asked for an apple.
b. "Can I have the newspaper, please?"
He asked for the newspaper.
c. "May I have a glass of water?" he said.
He asked for a glass of water.
d. "Sugar, please."
She asked for the sugar.
e. "Could I have three kilos of onions?"
He asked for three kilos of onions.
3. Suggestions are usually reported with a that-clause. 'That' and 'should' are optional in these clauses:
She said: "Why don't you get a mechanic to look at the car?" She suggested that I should get a mechanic to look at the car. OR She suggested I get a mechanic to look at the car.
Other reporting verbs used in this way are: insist, recommend, demand, request, propose.
Examples:
a. "It would be a good idea to see the dentist", said my mother. My mother suggested I see the dentist.
b. The dentist said, "I think you should use a different toothbrush". The dentist recommended that I should use a different toothbrush.
c. My manager said, "I think we should examine the budget carefully at this meeting." My manager proposed that we examine the budget carefully at the meeting.
d. "Why don't you sleep overnight at my house?" she said. She suggested that I sleep overnight at her house.
Notes:
Suggest can also be followed by a gerund: I suggested postponing the visit to the dentist.
REPORTED SPEECH
QUESTIONS
1. Normal word order is used in reported questions, that is, the subject comes before the verb, and it is not necessary to use 'do' or 'did':
"Where does Peter live?" She asked him where Peter lived.
2. Yes / no questions: This type of question is reported by using 'ask' + 'if / whether + clause:
a. "Do you speak English?" He asked me if I spoke English.
b. "Are you British or American?" He asked me whether I was British or American.
c. "Is it raining?" She asked if it was raining.
d. "Have you got a computer?" He wanted to know whether I had a computer.
e. "Can you type?" She asked if I could type.
f. "Did you come by train?" He enquired whether I had come by train.
g. "Have you been to Bristol before?" She asked if I had been to Bristol before.
3. Question words:
This type of question is reported by using 'ask' (or another verb like 'ask') + question word + clause. The clause contains the question, in normal word order and with the necessary tense change.
Examples:
a. "What is your name?" he asked me. He asked me what my name was.
b. "How old is your mother?", he asked. He asked how old her mother was.
c. The mouse said to the elephant, "Where do you live?" The mouse asked the elephant where she lived.
d. "What time does the train arrive?" she asked. She asked what time the train arrived.
e. "When can we have dinner?" she asked. She asked when they could have dinner.
f. The elephant said to the mouse, "Why are you so small?" The elephant asked the mouse why she was so small.
Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between inverted commas ("....") and there is no change in these words. We may be reporting something that's being said NOW (for example a telephone conversation), or telling someone later about a previous conversation
Examples:
She says "What time will you be home?"
She said "What time will you be home?"
and I said "I don't know! "
"There's a fly in my soup!" screamed Simone.
John said, "There's an elephant outside the window."
Indirect Speech (Reported Speech)
Indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Inverted commas are not used.
She said, "I saw him." She said that she had seen him.
a. 'That' may be omitted:
She told him that she was happy.
She told him she was happy.
b. 'Say' and 'tell':
Use 'say' when there is no indirect object:
He said that he was tired.
Always use 'tell' when you say who was being spoken to (i.e. with an indirect object):
He told me that he was tired.
'Talk' and 'speak' are used:
- to describe the action of communicating:
He talked to us.
She was speaking on the telephone.
- with 'about' to refer to what was said:
He talked (to us) about his parents.
REPORTED SPEECH
HOPES, INTENTIONS, PROMISES
When we report an intention, hope or promise, we use an appropriate reporting verb followed by a that-clause or a to-infinitive:
"I'll pay you the money tomorrow."
He promised to pay me the money the next day.
He promised that he would pay me the money the next day.
Other verbs used in this pattern include:
hope, propose, threaten, guarantee, swear.
Examples:
a. "I'll be back by lunchtime."
He promised to be back by lunchtime.
He promised that he would be back by lunchtime.
b. "We should arrive in London before nightfall."
They hoped to arrive in London before nightfall.
They hoped they would arrive in London before nightfall.
c. "Give me the keys to the safe or I'll shoot you!"
He threatened to shoot me if I didn't give him the keys to the safe.
He threatened that he would shoot me if I didn't give him the keys to the safe.
REPORTED SPEECH
ORDERS, REQUESTS, SUGGESTIONS
1. When we want to report an order or request, we can use a verb like 'tell' with a to-clause.
Examples:
He told me to go away.
The pattern is verb + indirect object + to-clause.
(The indirect object is the person spoken to.)
Other verbs used to report orders and requests in this way are: command, order, warn, ask, advise, invite, beg, teach, forbid.
Examples:
a. The doctor said to me, "Stop smoking!".
The doctor told me to stop smoking.
b. "Get out of the car!" said the policeman.
The policeman ordered him to get out of the car.
c. "Could you please be quiet," she said.
She asked me to be quiet.
d. The man with the gun said to us, "Don't move!"
The man with the gun warned us not to move.
(See also section on Verbs followed by infinitive and Verbs followed by gerund)
2. Requests for objects are reported using the pattern
ask + for + object: Examples:
a. "Can I have an apple?", she asked. She asked for an apple.
b. "Can I have the newspaper, please?"
He asked for the newspaper.
c. "May I have a glass of water?" he said.
He asked for a glass of water.
d. "Sugar, please."
She asked for the sugar.
e. "Could I have three kilos of onions?"
He asked for three kilos of onions.
3. Suggestions are usually reported with a that-clause. 'That' and 'should' are optional in these clauses:
She said: "Why don't you get a mechanic to look at the car?" She suggested that I should get a mechanic to look at the car. OR She suggested I get a mechanic to look at the car.
Other reporting verbs used in this way are: insist, recommend, demand, request, propose.
Examples:
a. "It would be a good idea to see the dentist", said my mother. My mother suggested I see the dentist.
b. The dentist said, "I think you should use a different toothbrush". The dentist recommended that I should use a different toothbrush.
c. My manager said, "I think we should examine the budget carefully at this meeting." My manager proposed that we examine the budget carefully at the meeting.
d. "Why don't you sleep overnight at my house?" she said. She suggested that I sleep overnight at her house.
Notes:
Suggest can also be followed by a gerund: I suggested postponing the visit to the dentist.
REPORTED SPEECH
QUESTIONS
1. Normal word order is used in reported questions, that is, the subject comes before the verb, and it is not necessary to use 'do' or 'did':
"Where does Peter live?" She asked him where Peter lived.
2. Yes / no questions: This type of question is reported by using 'ask' + 'if / whether + clause:
a. "Do you speak English?" He asked me if I spoke English.
b. "Are you British or American?" He asked me whether I was British or American.
c. "Is it raining?" She asked if it was raining.
d. "Have you got a computer?" He wanted to know whether I had a computer.
e. "Can you type?" She asked if I could type.
f. "Did you come by train?" He enquired whether I had come by train.
g. "Have you been to Bristol before?" She asked if I had been to Bristol before.
3. Question words:
This type of question is reported by using 'ask' (or another verb like 'ask') + question word + clause. The clause contains the question, in normal word order and with the necessary tense change.
Examples:
a. "What is your name?" he asked me. He asked me what my name was.
b. "How old is your mother?", he asked. He asked how old her mother was.
c. The mouse said to the elephant, "Where do you live?" The mouse asked the elephant where she lived.
d. "What time does the train arrive?" she asked. She asked what time the train arrived.
e. "When can we have dinner?" she asked. She asked when they could have dinner.
f. The elephant said to the mouse, "Why are you so small?" The elephant asked the mouse why she was so small.
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